In this article we have offered a brief survey of the sacerdotal institution in Israel according to canonical and historical sequence of the biblical texts. Both of them disclose a polemical situation of the sacerdotal institution, where it is made explicit in the sharp distinction after the exile between the Aaronides and the other Levites who are made subordinate to them, and it is implicit in the designation of the priesthood in general by such terms as „the son(s) of Aaron“. The favorite position of Aaronides survives until the year 70 after C. The attenuation of the position of the high priest and the historical reduction of the levitical priests conditioned the adequate theological context for the priesthood of Jesus Christ.