{"id":9263,"date":"2025-10-22T16:43:24","date_gmt":"2025-10-22T16:43:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biblica.sk\/archive\/stbisl-16-2-2024\/sbsaozj1124\/"},"modified":"2026-03-22T22:19:41","modified_gmt":"2026-03-22T22:19:41","slug":"sbsaozj1124","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/biblica.sk\/en\/archive\/stbisl-16-2-2024\/sbsaozj1124\/","title":{"rendered":"Emanuel TOV: Divine Names. Different Approaches and Writing Procedures in the Qumran Scrolls"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"9263\" class=\"elementor elementor-9263\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e8c76a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9e8c76a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4776d2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"4776d2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-breadcrumbs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-breadcrumbs__content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/biblica.sk\/en\/\">Domov<\/a> <span class=\"eael-breadcrumb-separator\">|<\/span> <span class = \"eael-current\">Page<\/span><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d3ea3e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9d3ea3e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01d8fe4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"01d8fe4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55c29ec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"55c29ec\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68ef74a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"68ef74a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/biblica.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/StBiSl-16-02-2024-komplet-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/biblica.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/StBiSl-Rocnik-16-cislo-2-2024_-rejiwqzmz8a75q2un3hf0w3ekxogok9g5hi2h2ff5e.png\" title=\"StBiSl, Ro\u010dn\u00edk 16, \u010d\u00edslo 2, 2024_\" alt=\"StBiSl, Ro\u010dn\u00edk 16, \u010d\u00edslo 2, 2024_\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4a85f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b4a85f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Volume 16, Issue 2, 2024<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6708298 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6708298\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>ISSN 1338-0141 | e-ISSN 2644-4879<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-173e773 elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"173e773\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/biblica.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/StBiSl-16-02-2024-komplet-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">VIEW FULL ISSUE<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ffc80 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41ffc80\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e053e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e053e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>ARTICLE<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7da120d elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7da120d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebe5ffd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ebe5ffd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Divine Names. Different Approaches and Writing Procedures in the Qumran Scrolls<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-042bd7f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"042bd7f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c84b3e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c84b3e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Emanuel TOV<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-023e846 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"023e846\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0195-5151\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/biblica.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/orcid-logo-rejiwqzk6d3tlsnzbs6vhoc75o47y8t942ore8n5xk.png\" title=\"orcid logo\" alt=\"orcid logo\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1de0cf0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1de0cf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>volume 16, issue 2, 2024, pages 133-158<\/em><\/p><p><strong>DOI:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/biblica.sk\/archiv\/stbisl-16-2-2024\/sbsaozj1124\/\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">https:\/\/doi.<\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">org\/<span data-sheets-root=\"1\">10.64438\/sbsAOZJ1124<\/span><\/span><\/a><br \/><strong>Published online: <\/strong>2024-12-01<br \/><strong>Published in print: <\/strong>2024-12-30<\/p><p><strong>Abstract:<\/strong> Traditionally, the ancient Israelites approached the name of God with reverence as is visible in the third commandment (Exod 20:7; Deut 5:11). In the written documents, a special approach towards the Tetragrammaton is already visible in the Elohistic Psalter (Psalms 42\u2013 89 [83]) in which that name was usually replaced with \u05dd\u05d9\u05d4\u05dc\u05d0 in all textual witnesses. A similar avoidance of the Tetragrammaton is evidenced in many Qumran scrolls. Reflecting a similar approach to the avoidance of the use of divine names, scribal solutions were invented in order to avoid the regular writing of these names in the text; they are the focus of our analysis: (i) The writing of the Tetragrammaton in Paleo-Hebrew characters; (ii) Four dots (named Tetrapuncta) (\u2026.); rarely: (iii) A dicolon ( : ) in 4QRPb (4Q364); (iv) \u05db\u05d9\u05d4\u05dc\u05d0\u05dc written in red in 11QpaleoUnid. Text (11Q22). The picture that emerges is a clear tendency to present these names with various graphical solutions in the Qumran Hebrew scrolls, but not in the other Judean Desert scrolls. This tendency is not felt across the board in the Qumran scrolls, but it is mainly limited to the scrolls that are closely connected to the Qumran scribal practice. The writing of the Tetragrammaton in Paleo-Hebrew characters is also evidenced in Greek manuscripts and the connection between the Hebrew and Greek evidence is scrutinized.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-526b0e4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"526b0e4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c4e16b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c4e16b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Keywords:<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7c1c6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7c1c6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article-keywords\">\r\n  <div class=\"kw-inline\">Tetrapuncta, Tetragrammaton, Divine name, Dead Sea scrolls, Qumran scribal practice<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<style>\r\n  .article-keywords {\r\n    margin-top: 0.5rem; \/* odstup pod nadpisom *\/\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .kw-inline {\r\n    font-size: 14px;\r\n    line-height: 1.6;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .kw-inline a {\r\n    color: #a73a2d;\r\n    text-decoration: none;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .kw-inline a:hover {\r\n    text-decoration: underline;\r\n  }\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n  \/\/ z\u00e1klad pre vyh\u013ead\u00e1vanie (uprav, ak m\u00e1\u0161 in\u00fd tvar URL)\r\n  var SEARCH_BASE = '\/?s=';\r\n\r\n  document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){\r\n    document.querySelectorAll('.kw-inline').forEach(function(el){\r\n      var raw = (el.textContent || '').trim();\r\n      if(!raw) return;\r\n\r\n      var terms = raw.split(',').map(function(s){ return s.trim(); }).filter(Boolean);\r\n\r\n      el.textContent = '';\r\n      terms.forEach(function(term, idx){\r\n        var a = document.createElement('a');\r\n        a.href = SEARCH_BASE + encodeURIComponent(term);\r\n        a.textContent = term;\r\n        a.rel = 'nofollow';\r\n        el.appendChild(a);\r\n\r\n        if(idx < terms.length - 1){\r\n          el.appendChild(document.createTextNode(', '));\r\n        }\r\n      });\r\n    });\r\n  });\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-644e23b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"644e23b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe8e6b9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fe8e6b9\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ec5a50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1ec5a50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"article\" data-title=\"Divine Names. Different Approaches and Writing Procedures in the Qumran Scrolls\"\r\n    data-author=\"Emanuel Tov\"\r\n    data-year=\"2024\"\r\n    data-journal=\"Studia Biblica Slovaca\"\r\n    data-journal-abbrev=\"StBiSl\"\r\n    data-issn=\"1338-0141\"\r\n    data-volume=\"16\"\r\n    data-issue=\"2\" data-pages=\"133-158\"\r\n    data-doi=\"10.64438\/sbsAOZJ1124\"\r\n    data-url=\"https:\/\/biblica.sk\/archiv\/stbisl-16-2-2024\/sbsaozj1124\/\">  <button\r\n    class=\"cite-button\" style=\" padding: 15px 35px; background: transparent; color: #a73a2d; border: 1px solid #a73a2d; border-radius: 3px; font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 14px; text-transform: uppercase; cursor: pointer;\"> Cit\u00e1cia<\/button>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fd2371 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"6fd2371\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/biblica.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/StBiSl-16-02-2024-133-158-TOV.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">DOWNLOAD<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34e666a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"34e666a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7bfbc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"f7bfbc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Modal -->\r\n<div id=\"cite-modal\" style=\"display:none; 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